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Молекулске формулеХемијска номенклатура


атомамолекулхемијских једињењаводеводоникакисеоникатомских тежинавалентностиграмаорганској хемијирационалне формулеструктурне формулеетил-алкохолаатомске групеEthanol-structure.svg










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Хемијска формула




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Al2(SO4)3

Пример
хемијске формуле,
алуминијум сулфата

Хемијска формула или молекулска формула је формула која показује врсту и број атома који чине неки молекул.


Молекулске формуле су ознаке хемијских једињења, облик приказивања њихових молекула; поред квалитативног састава, оне показују и квантитативни однос атома који сачињавају молекул хемијског једињења. Формуле се изражавају хемијским знацима; нпр. молекул хемијског једињења воде састављен је од два атома водоника и једног атома кисеоник, па је молекулска формула воде H2O. Поред тога, молекулске формуле, на основу познатих атомских тежина и валентности, показују однос маса атома који изграђују једињења (у овом случају 18 грама воде састоји се од 2 грама водоника и 16 грама кисеоника).


Молекулске формуле не показују унутрашњу структуру молекула, па се зато, нарочито у органској хемији, примењују рационалне формуле и структурне формуле. Рационалним формулама се, у ствари, скраћеним начином показује како су повезани атоми у молекулу нпр. молекулска формула етил-алкохола је C2H6O, док ће његова рационална формула бити C2H5OH. Структурне хемијске формуле показују, поред квалитативног и квантитативног састава молекула једног хемијског једињења, још и начин на који су атоми и атомске групе у молекулима међусобно повезани. Структурна формула етил-алкохола изгледа овако:
Ethanol-structure.svg



Види још



  • Емпиријска формула

  • Структурна формула

  • Периодни систем елемената

  • IUPAC номенклатура



Литература



  • Ralph S. Petrucci; William S. Harwood; F. Geoffrey Herring (2002). „3”. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (8th изд.). Prentice-Hall. OCLC 46872308. ISBN 0-13-198825-5. 



Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Хемијска_формула&oldid=21072274”










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